[国际新闻] 美国外交官受安全问题束缚 使馆如军事要塞

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出于安全方面的考虑，美国驻外使领馆正在采取越来越严格的安全防范措施。许多外交官由于受到安全条例的限制只好待在“犹如军事要塞的使馆”中，无法外出开展工作。rs238848.rs.hosteurope.de* Y: I, \- U+ R0 V4 V2 b" J
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　　据美联社报道，这要对国务院相关文件及其官员的调查说，从２００１年“９·１１”恐怖袭击发生以来，被认为太危险而不宜携带家属的美国驻外使领馆的数量已由１０个增加到２１个。不得携带家属的规定不光涉及到美国驻阿富汗和伊拉克使馆，而且还涵盖美国驻巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、波斯尼亚、中非共和国、利比里亚和苏丹等国家的使馆。
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　　报道说，即使那些允许携带家属的美国使馆，其馆内人员外出旅行也往往因为防范恐怖袭击等原因而受到严格限制。上世纪八十年代，发放危险补贴的美国使馆只有哥伦比亚和黎巴嫩，如今已经增加到２６个。
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6 ?$ z$ w. b5 r8 l- trs238848.rs.hosteurope.de　　报道说，在过去十年间美国驻外使馆中至少有１９人属于非正常死亡。由于美国驻外使馆人员的安全得不到保障，国务院在为设在热点地区的使领馆招募人员时正面临困难。
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World shrinks for U.S. diplomats as security fears keep them inside embassies7 Y  }# U5 A+ ^- I

  c3 m7 J- `8 [4 N/ P/ \8 t0 pWASHINGTON (AP) - Threatened abroad, American diplomats have been hit with unprecedented security restrictions, confining many to fortress-like compounds and frustrating U.S. administration efforts to get out and counter anti-American sentiment. ) a1 t7 P" h* ~, w3 |
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Lockdowns and prohibitions on travel now apply to Americans posted to embassies and consulates in at least 28 countries, according to an Associated Press survey of State Department warnings, internal directives and officials. More than half the countries are identified as key to curbing the spread of militant Islam. ! H- \9 p* g$ y
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Since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, the number of posts deemed too dangerous for U.S. diplomats to bring families has doubled, from 10 to 21. And since the 1980s, the number of missions where employees receive danger pay has soared from two - Colombia and Lebanon - to 26. * O; i5 w5 X- p. |7 Z& Z$ j1 ?
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The rise in hotspot posts has made it difficult for the department to recruit people to serve in them, including new embassies opening in Afghanistan and Iraq.
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But the no-family rules go far beyond Kabul and Baghdad, covering all seven U.S. missions in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia as well as 12 posts in Bosnia, the Central African Republic, Congo, Kosovo, Liberia and Sudan. ( ]$ V0 L0 _0 k7 ]% G, n7 ]
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Even in countries where spouses and children are allowed, travel restrictions have been imposed because of threats from Islamic militants, other terrorism concerns, civil disturbances and, to a lesser extent, crime and disease.
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The State Department does not keep records on the number of posts covered at any one time by travel restrictions, but the American Foreign Service Association, the union for U.S. diplomats, believes it is higher now than at any other point since the organization was founded in 1924. 7 S8 ?5 x* B1 j" M
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The impact on foreign policy is considerable, sweeping across four continents and many countries where the United States hopes to counter the spread of extremism and improve its tarnished image. , p5 E; J& @/ R, |7 I. ~
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"The policy we have for diplomatic security actually makes us less secure as a nation because it limits our ability to carry out our mission in critical environments," said Patrick Fine, a former senior Foreign Service officer who ran the U.S. Agency for International Development's mission in Afghanistan in 2004 and 2005. + Z; ^0 I6 C5 t" v. s

, n; v6 U3 X: kFine is hardly alone in that feeling.
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7 R( z0 ]% w, E% Z8 \) a+ h7 H) AThis spring, the Government Accountability Office identified security restrictions as a major hindrance to reversing anti-U.S. trends.
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. A5 D( I0 e( @  \0 v人在德国 社区"Security concerns have forced embassies to close publicly accessible facilities and curtail certain public outreach efforts, sending the unintended message that the United States is unapproachable," it said in the little-publicized April 26 report. - Y4 _$ X2 J+ D+ |

! M  ]) B' ~7 W- Y3 T5 V人在德国 社区An internal review by the State Department in 2005 concluded that security concerns "often require a low-profile approach during events, programs or other situations, which, in happier times, would have been able to generate considerable good will for the United States."
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- f5 f. ^9 g8 M4 d9 i. M7 hDepartment officials insist diplomats are still able to do their jobs, though keeping them safe, particularly after the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, may affect their ability to work. * D5 P; F8 }6 G9 q! o9 p3 ?9 u* ~

0 R; \% K- g  `rs238848.rs.hosteurope.de"It's always a matter of managing risk," said spokesman Sean McCormack, who served as economic, commercial and consular officer at the U.S. Embassy in Algeria at the height of a bloody Islamist insurgency in 1998 and 1999 that led to dire security measures at the mission.
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% M3 l" Z9 e+ G+ F"I couldn't leave the compound without armed escorts, but I found I could have every meeting I needed to have, maybe not at the exact time I wanted, but I was able to arrange it," he said. 6 j* M% H0 X: @2 Z+ ~; j$ G
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Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has put a premium on safety, he said.
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"Her top priority is that people are protected when doing their jobs, but, at the same time, she wants them to get out from behind their desks and engage with local communities beyond capitals," McCormack said. "We can be very creative, and the bottom line is that our officers are out there. They are out there beyond the wire." 1 N& b, p8 _! Z; j& _8 m

/ [5 U( \' q/ Y5 T% O! u+ ?Many have paid the price. At least 19 embassy employees have died of unnatural causes in the line of duty over the past decade, according to AFSA.
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+ ~1 _: L6 G' Z" YIn addition to the al-Qaida hotbeds of Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, official U.S. travel is banned or curtailed due to Islamic terrorism concerns in Algeria, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Israel, Lebanon, Mali, the Palestinian territories, the Philippines, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Yemen, according to the AP survey.
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; M, j0 A( {6 r/ p/ R% UOutside of areas where radical Islam is considered the main threat, travel restrictions for U.S. diplomats are in place in Burundi, Colombia, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Haiti, India, Laos, Nepal, Peru, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Uganda and Venezuela. Many of those countries are beset by internal strife.
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Curbs on U.S. official movement are most restrictive in Afghanistan and Iraq, where diplomats are barely able to leave their offices. rs238848.rs.hosteurope.de, `2 w2 e! {% p) S# e  _0 C+ G7 o

2 e8 l8 N1 ?2 _The AP survey did not include countries where the United States does not maintain a diplomatic presence, notably Iran, North Korea and Somalia. Nor does it include countries that have slapped travel restrictions on U.S. diplomats in retaliation for similar measures imposed by Washington, such as Cuba, Eritrea and Zimbabwe.