洛杉矶时报 ( ]; T$ J4 F5 m# |! K+ }' ?8 F9 T P' t! l5 P
在重大党大会前，罕见的出现一封由“十七位老部长老同志建言十七大”。信件指责现任中共领导人思想和路线错误，害党害国。西方媒体的报导说，公开信一发表，刊登该信件的网站也遭到通常是这往往是维权人士网站的下场－迅即被要求禁声，显示党的领导层在十七大前绝对要消除公开的异议的立场。 ) g& E S2 p2 N8 r" ]7 r+ @- \- H( O5 X8 E4 C4 J& M' g
《洛杉矶时报》记者Mark Magnier报导说，这封公开信是上周末刊登在网站“毛泽东旗帜”http://www.maoflag.net上的，而本周二，这个网站的有关页面已经从网上消失，因为由17名原共产党高层官员和保守派马克思主义学者联名签署的这封信，公开指责党的领导正把国家导向错误的道路，崇洋媚外，背叛无产阶级革命，危害国家社会安定。并警告说，叶利钦式的人物将出现，中国正步上一条邪恶的道路。整个国家处在最危险的时刻。“民愤告急！”“社会主义岌岌可危！中华民族到了最危险的时候！”% g7 e# Q3 s6 e# F. n3 O
9 w; W5 I* V2 B该报导认为，这种公开的挑战异乎寻常。首先，是署名人在党内的重要地位。其次，就是公开信的时机，恰好在准备于今年秋季召开，5年一次的党代会前。7 f ?: k5 G8 c/ i( U
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比较而言，通常中国的大部分公共性异议都出自孤立的维权人士或是在寻求自身出路的少数宗教团体，这封公开信却不一样，这些在这份公开信上签名的人包括原政府部门部长、原驻苏联大使，原陆军将领、一流大学的学术界精英与中共地方的顾问委员会负责人。而且，他们强调的是恢复党对中个的朝资本主义飞速靠拢的国家经济的控制。 1 ]" v' z4 L1 Y ; q% F8 v% X/ B) J" p: L这封信罕见地透露了中共党内在意识形态方面的分歧，打破了共产党力图显示的团结统一的形象。' ~7 k0 c. g P2 X5 r& k
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中国人民大学的党史教授何虎生（He Husheng，音译）说：“这可能是第一次有那么多高层人士像这样发表意见。党中央肯定不满意他们的行为。” * N7 k" S( C% Y$ ?0 i+ i$ ? " V% F" v1 q2 i3 J4 y3 Q: ~公开信中呼吁的政策包括：推翻今年通过的，允许财产私有化的新法律，废除允许资本家加入共产党的规定，对外商投资实施更严格的管理，停止国有财产私有化，重新进行马克思主义的宣传和教育。. E7 W4 o- [) G! e( _" b
4 m5 H/ n2 K2 P1 c( \信件的作者认为，党的注重经济自由化的政策导致了许多危险的问题，包括腐败泛滥，失业率上升，贫富差距扩大，潜在的社会动乱。0 { P7 U+ T+ J7 c6 r
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公开信说，如果中国继续走这条路，很快，“叶利欣式的人物就一定会出现，亡党亡国的悲惨局面马上就会到来。”2 W9 S6 a/ c+ z" d! ~" n. h* K/ C0 S( d
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中共党史专家何虎生教授认为，预计，这些署名人很快就会收到宣传部官员给他们的电话，“强烈的建议”他们删除他们的这封信件。他还说，如果他们拒绝，自有人会替他们动手。 ; r0 c7 ]. c7 X' H ' O4 S8 X+ p/ ]( `0 k9 O# Z. D确实，到本周二（17日）下午，该网站似乎已经被封闭，进入该网址时要么只能看到“停止服务”的通告，要么就是一个空白的页面，这往往是维权人士网站的下场，现在罕见的发生在针对原党内高层人士身上。 7 i1 \2 d6 F; u" V3 w( n! ]' q ]' A/ v @( [* L5 r
这封长达7页的公开信是上周末出现在网站上的，两周前，国家主席胡锦涛刚发表了一次旨在消除党内异议声音的演说。公开信发表的时机显示出，尽管党的领导人试图统一内部意见，全力支持胡锦涛在开放中国经济的同时，维持党对政治系统的控制的政策方针，但是，党内各派人士之间仍有巨大差异。 2 `- e+ `0 @; h% L& ^2 l: W: d/ D5 d
北京国家行政学院汪玉凯教授说：“这显示出党内对改革政策的意见分歧非常大，而且，可能分歧越来越大。这种公开信会给我们领导人很大压力，只会对形成正确决策产生负面影响。” & y; e5 X% @* I! t' E" m
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这封信的收信人是胡锦涛和党中央委员会，内容著重攻击在现有政策下致富的资本家和外商，写信人说，他们在腐蚀社会主义、平等和公平。 , }7 N5 {5 S* y+ p ! m4 ` H. |8 D5 S7 ?: ~信件说：“党委书记变成了资本家，而资本家已经加入共产党。外企在掠夺中国的市场，毁坏我们的国家经济。”署名人还呼吁举行差额直接选举，通过竞争来决定党中央成员和党总书记等职位，显示出他们不满以胡锦涛为首的领导层。 3 I8 G. \6 K) i/ e2 p" x+ B 9 N( D9 O7 q: y H4 D信中表达的意见透露出，共产党官员和成员们自改革开放起，在中国经济飞速发展，社会结构快速转变，步上多元化道路的情况下，权势不断消减的现实。据《中国日报》报导，现在中国的近300万党员中，72.4％的成员在为私营公司工作，几年前的比率还几乎是零。+ H1 b w. d' [6 g) t+ L
6 b7 k3 H# E- P9 i4 H除了因为经济改革政策受到保守派阻碍外，另一方面，胡锦涛也面临要求建立更开放的政治体制的开明派的压力。这些观点在最新的倾向开明派的杂志《炎黄春秋》中成为封面文章。文章认为，尽管中国成功的进行了经济改革，但是，由前任领导人邓小平于80年代提出中国的政治改革纲领依旧毫无进展。其中的改革方向包括减少共产党过多的权力和终止党对政府的非透明化控制。( P$ \1 O6 a8 ~; g- \! D
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该报导还说，一些分析家否认这类文章是党内高官意识形态方面存在差异的迹象，反而说，意见多样化显示出中国正在朝好的方向发展。& T6 c w) @& C( n* a; o( `
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北京大学马克思和列宁学院教授刘志光（Liu Zhiguang，音译）说：“这完全不重要。这显示不同的理念能够共存，或者，可能只说明我们的领导人变得更聪明了。” - o0 \5 F( V% V' G , }9 w W+ z+ p6 N中国现在没有政治游说客，一党专制的政府也很少考虑外部人士的意见。传统上，中国共产党下达的，总是完全成形的政策，以维持他们所希望表现出的无所不知、统一的、家长式的组织的形象。" f% j' \; e& h
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但是，随著中国变成一个更多元化的社会，以及互联网使得信息监查和封锁更为困难，共产党的领导层也被迫变得越来越需要迎合公共意见。 $ V7 J( ]8 Z; A; J' t3 [, C6 W8 x4 ]/ X# B& i7 ?
专家说，这17名署名人曾试图通过内部渠道来影响最高领导层，但是，他们的意见被拒绝，因此，在无奈之下决定公开声明。这封信本身多半不会改变党的意识形态方向，但是，会加剧党内的分裂。 u3 w$ q0 h" j9 N3 _, c2 t
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国家行政学院的汪玉凯说：“这些人希望回到过去，但是，这是不可能的事。”他还说：“我并不会因此就认为他们是坏人。但是，我们必须前进。这种过时的意见是极左思潮的肿瘤。” ; V/ E, m. K8 Q) l' x# ?& a- Y % {! I9 C! Y: Z+ }! S 2 X8 h/ f, g7 s1 EJuly 17, 20070 J3 q$ y% y. z1 x4 c( t# J' R
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$ A8 K. @. {+ j* x/ y: ] , t7 S/ a4 f0 {+ j+ wA man, his placard reading “Help! Save My Mother,” is ushered from outside a Communist Party meeting in Shanghai. ; |# {' O( H& r0 j. U9 A; X5 R" ]" Z6 n9 e
; g& z [' n0 Y$ J8 B2 I B! [Letter accuses China's party of driftThe 17 signatories, ex-officials and academics, say policies make a mockery of Marxism. / K6 X5 ~! b3 M U4 |4 l4 a% B5 k, D) N/ d. B
BEIJING — A rare open letter signed by 17 former top officials and conservative Marxist scholars ahead of a key party meeting accuses China's top leaders of steering the country in the wrong direction, pandering to foreigners, betraying the workers' revolution and jeopardizing social stability.. j/ J7 x% X' @1 ]1 b
$ S9 A* Y4 t" j( m1 A) ^"We're going down an evil road," says the letter on the website http://www.maoflag.net . "The whole country is at a most precarious time."; R5 g6 y: N: b w( {/ c6 _
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The challenge is unusual because of the importance of its signatories and its timing before this fall's party congress, an event held every five years and a key date on the political calendar.3 T- @' {: B+ m- S. ?8 B- R8 E
. `( h2 {( D" u2 {Most public dissent in China generally comes from the beleaguered ranks of human rights activists and minority religious groups seeking to reduce the Communist Party's power. By contrast, those who affixed their names to this document included former government ministers, a former ambassador to Russia, ex-army officers and academics from elite universities and think tanks. And their emphasis was on restoring party control of an economy that has moved rapidly toward capitalist practices in recent years. 8 [& k* ]8 P I, m8 z/ q" d u& M" w$ ]6 Y/ ]
The letter provides an unusual public view of ideological differences within the party, which generally tries to present a unified front. ! l# V# m! I- |! M" z X 6 l, z+ q, l; R( ^0 b9 M* }; I"This is probably the first time so many high-ranking people have spoken out like this," said He Husheng, a professor of party history at People's University. "The Central Committee is surely not happy at their behavior." * T( A/ R% [) g7 i! B# w . S9 L9 N* H: m0 J9 B3 PThe policies advocated by those signing the letter include reversing a law passed this year that allows private ownership of property, abandoning rules that allow entrepreneurs to join the Communist Party, imposing sharp restrictions on foreign investment, putting an end to privatization of state assets and placing a renewed emphasis on Marxist campaigns and education. 3 ]( t) J1 ?9 E r2 @! h) ~9 z. D3 H ^7 b) Q
The party's focus on economic liberalization has led to a dangerous mix of widespread corruption, unemployment, a growing wealth gap and potential social unrest, the letter's authors argue. P6 z& [# w2 t* q, g6 u/ Q/ a. U4 c9 M
If China continues down this path, the letter says, the country will soon "have its own Boris Yeltsin" and "the demise of the party and country would loom."2 B6 H9 `( j% o1 K7 l9 u+ j
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The signatories can expect a call from propaganda officials "strongly suggesting" they delete their letter, said He, the party history professor. If they don't agree, it will be deleted for them, he added. + W* N+ |4 O% W# R6 y4 K* w t ! X% N k) I. f7 g* KIndeed, by Tuesday afternoon the website appeared to be blocked, with a "Service Unavailable" notice displayed on the otherwise blank page, a fate more often reserved for websites sponsored by human rights activists than party stalwarts. $ _) Q1 g0 A& e9 Z4 l( B* M! Y5 @6 P) R/ M
The seven-page letter appeared on the website late last week, about two weeks after a key speech by President Hu Jintao that appeared to be aimed at silencing critics within the party. The timing suggests that significant differences remain as party leaders try to unify their ranks behind Hu's policies, which have attempted to open up China's economy while maintaining control of the political system.- v- Y! R# D, \ Y z4 t) z
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"This shows that the disagreement within the party over reform is pretty big and perhaps getting bigger," said Wang Yukai, a professor at the National School of Administration in Beijing. "This kind of open letter will put quite some pressure on our leaders and only have negative effects on proper decisions."3 \% I* k1 y6 ]: ~# c2 k
) c5 ~; b6 N5 J" [- FThe letter, addressed to Hu and the party's Central Committee, targets in particular capitalists and foreigners who have flourished under policies that the signatories say have eroded socialism, equality and fairness. ' l3 [ n5 Z2 H1 n8 \ L1 ~ Y8 N+ X% B: { E: k/ C S
"Party secretaries have become capitalists, and capitalists have joined the party," the letter says. "Foreign corporations are plundering domestic markets and crushing our national economy." The signatories also urged competitive internal elections for central party members and the party secretary, a sign of the group's displeasure with Hu's leadership. * F) X* D% W4 X" H6 |4 I' Z+ w$ A4 W3 V$ \( C
The views expressed in the letter speak to a constituency that has seen its power diminish under China's ferocious economic growth, rapid social change and growing diversity. The China Daily reported Tuesday that almost 3 million of the party's 72.4 million members now work in private business, up from almost none a few years ago. 1 A8 t T& C/ q' s8 K2 d R" o# |, o+ B Y% ?. q# |- |
In addition to facing dissent from conservatives over economic changes, Hu has come under fire from liberals who have pushed for a more open political system. Those views were aired in a cover story in the latest issue of the liberal journal Yanhuang Chunqiu, which roughly translates as History of the Chinese People. It argued that though China has reformed economically, it continues to drag its heels on important political reforms outlined by paramount leader Deng Xiaoping in the 1980s. These include reducing the excessive power of the party and ending its overarching grip on the government. 7 J) [2 E \3 \1 d. w/ P R8 |! Q0 M0 v/ I6 g
Some analysts denied that such articles were indications of ideological differences in party ranks, arguing instead that the diversity of opinion underscored changes afoot in China.$ N2 l3 j7 z4 ~
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"This is not significant at all," said Liu Zhiguang, a professor at Peking University's School of Marxism and Leninism. "This shows that different opinions can coexist, or maybe that our leaders are just becoming smarter."4 C6 S0 ^: F$ g+ ~5 u
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Officially, China has no lobbyists, nor does its monopoly political party consider lightly any outsiders who attempt to influence its decisions. The Chinese Communist Party has traditionally handed down policies fully formed, in keeping with its preferred image as an all-knowing, unified, paternalistic organization." i1 z$ W& ~$ R) u/ z
% ~& w5 h# S+ Z+ {. B8 fAs China has become a more diverse society, and the Internet has made censorship harder, however, the leadership has been forced increasingly to contend with, respond to and adapt to public opinion. $ a, a5 p7 g: Q- R0 l) I9 ` 3 A; w2 C8 F$ b: g5 w# S) h* xExperts said the 17 signatories had sought to influence top leaders through internal party channels, but they were rebuffed and, in frustration, decided to go public." p. w! e* S U: z5 X' V' x ?
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The letter by itself is unlikely to alter party ideology, which if anything has become more rigid in recent years as a bulwark against unsettling social change, they said. But it could intensify divisions. 0 G' y% u9 S/ z; G. M. e4 U7 H3 ^; P L8 |
"These guys want to turn back the clock, but that's impossible," said Wang of the National School of Administration. / U# a/ W/ T$ o4 u. l * p# [1 y1 G3 e"I wouldn't say they're bad people. But we must move forward. Such outdated opinions are a leftist tumor.") u' ~) F) {. \8 j2 |+ j
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[ 本帖最后由 日月光 于 2007-7-20 18:59 编辑 ]
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