b4 t: c+ R1 |' ` u. u& i一位很有名气的制片人明智地概括说，“萧条与盗版双管齐下，正是我们所说的完美的暴风雨”。3 }- e2 t+ c8 _2 U
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经济大环境还意味着，色情电影业也更不情愿接受加利福尼亚越来越严格的工作场所规章制度。7 j* q, g7 ?( h9 X" `8 d
! \6 x2 L3 L! K; N4 a0 ~( j过去许多年，当局一直要求色情影片中的演员在拍摄过程中必须使用安全套。 M& J" W- z4 A, K/ C / z4 g0 G/ M8 p& K5 w; n: y. u演员健康受损害的案例中最著名的一起是在2004年，三名演员感染上艾滋病毒。这凸现出演员中交叉感染十分严重。 4 n0 F; f9 \9 _ * w. H7 [8 b: p但是，电影业坚持说，演员带安全套会扫观众的兴。他们说，观众不愿意看，安全套等于扼杀观众的幻想。 8 R1 F& a0 T8 X0 G8 ~, M. Y7 J( `“没什么大不了的”2 s, V. }5 y* s& J
& {+ }7 i2 ~+ b重返《星际迷航》的拍摄现场，我和主要演员之一宝碧·斯塔尔聊了起来。宝碧是大学毕业生，以前是国家级游泳运动员，专业的双簧管手。短短的27年，她的一生真可是阅历丰富。 9 U e! K' ]& m: C3 _- ? 5 F1 _4 d* A: X' c宝碧说，改行做色情电影演员，主要是为了追求性探险。她说，“这是找乐趣。身边的人都高高兴兴，你有什么可烦的呢”？4 z G5 e( ?6 x5 y, C
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当天，她的日程安排得很紧凑，两句台词，四小时的性爱。星期二试装，然后就去接受每月一次的体检。宝碧每一天都要工作15个小时。$ I. R/ u6 r' M$ O8 P) O
5 S9 o1 a% F s/ b/ G$ E1 |1 P她说，“也就是染上过一两次衣原体，还有淋病，除此之外，没什么大不了的。我们每个月都体检，得了病，赶紧吃药，然后就又能回去上班了。没问题。” & Q+ H# O, M S ) i% b) D! G7 ?" C我看，宝碧人很“加州”。进一步说，整个色情电影业都有点“很加州”的意思。有执著的热情、反叛的心态，还有一点点自由主义者反抗压力的顽强。$ P/ {. A( j2 Q, D6 }! o! }: R
. Y4 ~ h9 P2 E0 w' F; s I; q& k1980年代，官司一直打到高等法院，色情电影在加州才得到了合法化的地位，正式与普通意义上的嫖娼卖淫划清了界限。 + h# D; V; [1 ]* h不戴安全套的权利1 S% ^8 p3 I( |( C- e
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现在，我遇到的许多人都说，不戴安全套的权利是宪法赋予的言论自由权利的一个关键部分，正如美国的立国之父指出的那样。 4 z9 H: k4 @7 `$ x( F& c 4 R, |, ~. j+ ~ e- N一名制片人告诉我，“如果你把我的演员都装在橡胶里面，作为艺术家，我还能怎样表述自我呢”？0 h! A5 w) R m, m' g5 d
5 F1 _+ y' K9 w; L制片人说，这对雇员没有任何好处，只会迫使制片公司搬到海外、或者转移到地下去拍片。观众想看的，就一定能看得到。 1 `. m. l* x( j- l3 R# A8 @) O5 g1 g$ L
宝碧也有同感。事实上，这也正是她开始脱衣服、准备开拍性爱场面之前说的告别词。 5 t1 W* h" @/ `; \3 H3 H+ m+ U( n6 F& ]8 b6 @! U2 _+ z9 Q: l/ ?( T
我想，我看的已经够多了。我悄悄地离开拍摄现场，重新回到淅淅沥沥的小雨中……. 2 v# x( V1 i, E) [0 q$ v8 {9 V) M ; ?. V* o9 x3 w( m+ z% o4 D6 V- C ; n8 _5 p" z2 N% HCalifornian porn industry's 'perfect storm' of troubles & n1 n0 }! y0 T P9 M: e" P" l5 I
# @: Z: K& g3 `1 w* q& I9 iCalifornia's adult movie business is under pressure - internet piracy and the economic downturn have slashed revenues, while state regulators seem set to win their long battle to make actors wear condoms.2 L h6 C( K5 S3 t
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Light drizzle was falling as I pulled my car up outside a low-rise warehouse studio in northern Los Angeles. 6 q7 i! d" T ]2 N$ k 3 ^) w# M( a& NI had been told just to pitch up - it would be fun, they had said, to see how we do things.8 N) t3 d+ N( ?1 I
# V; o6 i, j0 M9 M4 CWhat I did see at first did not quite match my expectations but then again, I was not quite sure what to expect. : n" ?& l5 U+ h( n1 P; o' T7 @ & m1 N3 q7 q* I, P# yThe porn shoot was Star Trek, the Next Generation - a triple-X parody, billed as a humorous tribute to the iconic TV space saga., L3 F+ R- m7 R. o2 v9 m; }
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Performers in body-hugging Star Trek outfits, some with prosthetic noses to resemble aliens, wandered around looking slightly bored as a weary crew worried over lighting arrangements. , z1 ~4 s0 i4 w' G 1 |0 w6 ?: r# m3 ZThis morning was devoted to dialogue, I was told, although - as Sam, the film's artistically minded writer-director, explained to me with clear regret - there was not too much of that to be had./ g' s/ e6 A, O, O2 W! X# T/ V- S
0 V- z* B+ K* M$ q+ c5 |" }Only 30 minutes of this two-hour sex film would involve plot, he sighed. : V1 j7 f* y! {8 g" M6 K5 E% s/ q+ `+ U
Fantasy " m$ N7 q4 D# A4 s- A# W2 i 6 y8 z! H8 H, r+ i( K/ _0 nThe demands of porn may not allow Sam to be the groundbreaking film-maker he clearly aspires to be, but at least there are films to be made. ( N6 o- b( o& x/ s5 f9 w6 d5 t* l4 c. I& r
The problem, increasingly, is revenue.5 p' C" U8 ]; N6 |8 ] z( n
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Like the music industry, pornographers are struggling to persuade their audience to pay for what they watch. 6 n7 J, {" n- v$ o: [* U9 c {1 g7 _$ ~. k4 V5 L6 H$ w0 G/ E
DVD sales have collapsed. Online, a great deal of porn can be accessed for free. # I5 G6 N; t7 q( p 6 k4 ^; ]# n U) L: T; N' N& SAnd the economic downturn does not help.7 w7 z! f6 c, L: P
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"What with the recession and piracy, we call it the perfect storm," one leading producer observed wistfully. 1 }. o) w7 Q8 ]- I: }( A " G, y2 h- q6 a5 | S) oThe economic climate also means the industry is even less keen to accept California's increasingly stringent workplace regulations.4 {0 Y) q b0 c D
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For years, the authorities have been demanding that porn performers wear condoms.- {# O7 e- D! b
v) X; i a m1 \6 x) _) }Health scares - most notoriously in 2004 when three actors contracted HIV - have highlighted significant levels of infection on set.1 H1 C/ K% ^6 G- D6 [& i
* _- x( \3 }& |3 TBut the industry says wearing condoms on-screen is a turn-off. The public do not want it, it will kill the fantasy, they say. , a1 g& [* G" I- r & ^4 a/ V: s# v B7 w' ]8 yGonorrhoea 0 s' x U3 y; I1 h) c; `( X% |3 g- }
Back on the Star Trek set, I talked to Bobbi Starr, one of the lead performers.& E( v% ^" z- N5 I& S
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A college graduate, a former national standard swimmer and professional oboist, she seems to have packed a lot into her 27 years. L! I! \* j7 \; C4 h
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She turned to porn, she said, out of a sense of sexual adventure. 0 n5 B' n+ l3 Q- a* l ( `1 `/ W" l& z# v# B c7 U4 a"It's just fun," she said, "and when everyone around you is having fun too, what's not to love?" & c6 p% k( b9 |3 `. O; g X3 s* F0 v. Y1 c: n- Z2 lHer packed schedule today involved a couple of lines, then a four-hour sex scene. Then a costume fitting on Tuesday and she was off to have her monthly health test after that.1 W# q1 R, C: b! j. T: {& ?5 o
! F' e5 B, B( d# Q/ M7 qEach day would be 15 hours long. . _# E1 w n) O. G 3 h& s% A9 @& s. A"Wow, you must be exhausted?" I suggested.$ K$ F6 Z, y1 b3 z0 Z
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"You get used to it," she smiled.8 e& H& h+ s+ D( r; k
- l* W& a L! \: \/ b; @% K, r! J"And what about the health risks," I asked. "Have you had many infections?" / X: P. [. n4 `% _; a; w7 `' c0 e$ o L Y! F" m6 L" y
"Well, just chlamydia a couple of times, gonorrhoea - nothing much. Anyway, we test each month so, when you're diagnosed, you just take your medication and you're good to go. No problem."0 _2 c( @0 J% C
' G5 {9 Z3 A7 [! u rThere was something very Californian about Bobbi, I decided.* t. _. D# s% P2 q* K) s
5 |+ A) n% z/ K8 I' AExpensive lawsuits ( f& p4 l0 x( Z% ^3 F6 f) V4 d 3 X& h% w# j& @* z bIn fact there was something very Californian about the entire business.$ e0 i' q# N" L0 E3 y& ?
8 T7 m* ]# `# aA combination of determined enthusiasm, combined with a rebel attitude, a sort of libertarian defiance towards the forces ranged against it.$ l# G6 _* U3 y% ?
: Z+ [6 c+ L9 bIt had taken a Supreme Court battle back in the 1980s to make porn legal in California in the first place, formally distinguishing it from common-or-garden prostitution. / x8 A: l$ t3 z1 u4 {! q/ ?9 r5 m$ S8 i4 e- c, O' a" m
Now, many I met spoke of the right not to wear condoms as a key aspect of their constitutional right to free speech, as set out by the Founding Fathers. 2 t& z% n( `% ^, b9 _0 y4 m" g- v& j2 Y( S# q. m1 i8 @" ~8 ~
"How can I express myself as an artist," one producer said to me, "if you're going to clothe my performers in rubber?" 3 N! f0 g5 v4 L) j' {7 m$ u% f2 I0 a
I struggled to picture Benjamin Franklin or Thomas Jefferson having this in mind as they penned the First Amendment. 5 C! S% \7 R* ~/ `5 t5 ^& L) }! h# S7 o
But then I also struggled to picture hordes of Star Trek fans queuing up to see Captain Jean-Luc Picard going hard-core with the crew of the Star Trek Enterprise. So what did I know? & \1 q2 c7 T/ ?- p s: Q4 g* Y! q0 i1 ^/ J* a7 [
The authorities though are adamant. Construction workers wear hard hats, miners wear masks - these actors have to have suitable barrier protection. ; U3 q( z {) ^' Y0 ~ L" [2 f 4 u9 C; P% }6 R; z9 M- A/ BIt seems likely that porn will eventually lose its battle against the California regulators, not least because - as well as state penalties - the industry could be about to face some very expensive lawsuits brought by former performers.5 g. K8 E) t0 ^8 m0 Z# G) I
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A number of actors told me privately that regulation could not come soon enough for them.' h7 `5 I" \4 s' S6 H
! w ^+ m6 i& I7 bThe producers say this will not help workers but will only force production abroad, or underground - the public always gets what the public wants.& t5 t1 A; \0 Y4 o) t" V* L4 F
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That view was echoed by Bobbi Starr - her parting words, in fact, as she began to disrobe for her epic sex scene. 5 q8 Q3 R/ ^* Z6 o& _/ d" v* l. Y0 v( F5 K0 G! k
I decided I had seen enough and slipped back out into the rain.& _' b7 q: ?/ T% Y: r
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( I; E: t5 | i, o. u# c( o , a, U* H& \: _2 j2 aCalls for greater safety increased after actors tested positive for HIV in 2004
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